Tax Litigation and Characteristics of Audit Opinions: Implications for Transparency and Trust in B3

Autores/as

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.22277/rgo.v19i2.8730

Palabras clave:

Contencioso tributário, Pareceres de auditoria, Diligência do auditor, Esforço de auditoria, Transparência financeira

Resumen

Purpose. This study investigates how tax litigation affects the length, tone, clarity, and complexity of audit opinions for companies listed on Brazil’s B3 exchange, and the implications for financial reporting transparency and trust.

Design/methodology/approach. A fixed-effects panel analysis is applied to 233 firms (3,241 firm-year observations) from 2009 to 2023. Tax litigation is measured as the ratio of tax-related provisions and contingencies to total assets. Audit opinion attributes (length, tone, readability, complexity) are quantified alongside various control variables (firm size, risk, etc.). Hypotheses are tested using regression and quantile regression.

Findings. Higher tax litigation is associated with shorter audit opinions that paradoxically exhibit greater clarity and more technical complexity. Auditors appear to provide more focused, readable reports with additional technical details for firms facing significant tax disputes. Other factors (e.g., firm size, risk, governance) also show significant effects on audit opinion metrics.

Originality. This study is the first to identify tax litigation as a significant determinant of audit report characteristics in Brazil. It extends the literature by demonstrating how auditors adjust their reporting strategy under high tax-risk conditions, balancing thorough disclosure with concise communication.

Practical implications. Managers should strengthen tax compliance and governance to reduce litigation-related reporting complexities. Regulators might simplify tax codes to mitigate disputes and associated audit burdens. Auditors should enhance documentation and clarity when auditing clients with high tax risk to uphold transparency and stakeholder trust.

Descargas

Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.

Biografía del autor/a

Antonio Lopo Martinez, Instituto de Investigação Jurídica da Universidade de Coimbra

Doutor em Direito e em Contabilidade

Arquimedes de Jesus Moraes, Universidade de Vila Velha (UVV)

Doutor em Contabilidade

Fernando Ferreira dos Santos, Fucape Business School

Mestrado em Contabilidade

Alfredo Sarlo Neto, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo

Doutorado em Contabilidade

Citas

Akinyomi, O. J., & Joshua, A. A. (2022). Determinants of audit quality in Nigeria: Evidence from listed consumer goods sector in Nigeria. Academy of Accounting and Financial Studies Journal, 26(1), 1–14.

Alander, G. E. (2023). Internal auditor independence as a situated practice: Four archetypes. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 36(9), 108–134. https://doi.org/10.1108/AAAJ-09-2021-5443

Andrade, L. M. N., & Fujino, A. (2023). Accounting information quality constraints in light of the corporate governance system information regime: A conceptual approach. Boletim de Conjuntura (BOCA), 16(48), 533–562. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10160939

Ardianingsih, A., & Setiawan, D. (2022). Determinants of factors affecting the amount of fees for audit services. Calitatea, 23(187), 271–279. https://doi.org/10.47750/QAS/23.187.32

Backof, A. G., Bowlin, K., & Goodson, B. M. (2022). The importance of clarification of auditors’ responsibilities under the new audit reporting standards. Contemporary Accounting Research, 39(4), 2284–2304. https://doi.org/10.1111/1911-3846.12802

Baldivieso, P. E. C. (2022). Litigiosidade tributária e suas repercussões econômicas: Uma análise do relatório Insper/CNJ 2022. Revista do Tribunal Regional Federal da 1ª Região, 34(2).

Barros, A. J. P., & Lehfeld, N. A. S. (2000). Fundamentos de metodologia científica: Um guia para a iniciação científica (2nd ed.). Makron Books.

Bastos, D. D., & Nakamura, W. T. (2009). Determinantes da estrutura de capital das companhias abertas no Brasil, México e Chile no período 2001-2006. Revista Contabilidade & Finanças, 20, 75–94. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1519-70772009000200006

Beatty, R. P. (1989). Auditor reputation and the pricing of initial public offerings. The Accounting Review, 64(4), 693–709.

Blanco, B., Coram, P., Dhole, S., & Kent, P. (2021). How do auditors respond to low annual report readability? Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 40(3), 106769. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaccpubpol.2020.106769

Bortolon, P. M., Sarlo Neto, A., & Santos, T. B. (2013). Custos de auditoria e governança corporativa. Revista Contabilidade & Finanças, 24, 27–36. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1519-70772013000100004

Bradley, M., Jarrell, G. A., & Kim, E. H. (1984). On the existence of an optimal capital structure: Theory and evidence. The Journal of Finance, 39(3), 857–878. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.1984.tb03680.x

Brito, R. D., & Lima, M. R. (2005). A escolha da estrutura de capital sob fraca garantia legal: O caso do Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Economia, 59(2), 177–208. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-71402005000200002

Campello, M., Graham, J. R., & Harvey, C. R. (2010). The real effects of financial constraints: Evidence from a financial crisis. Journal of Financial Economics, 97(3), 470–487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2009.12.008

Chantziaras, A., Koulikidou, K., & Leventis, S. (2021). The power of words in capital markets: SEC comment letters on foreign issuers and the impact of home country enforcement. Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation, 42, 100359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intaccaudtax.2020.100359

Costa, A. J. B., Lins, S. G., & Souza, E. A. (2019). Análise dos relatórios de auditoria de gestão das universidades públicas federais brasileiras nos anos 2008 a 2016 [Conference paper]. II Congresso Internacional de Contabilidade Pública (II CICP), Lisboa, Portugal.

Cărăuşu, D. N., & Terinte, P. A. (2022). The role of external audit on company performance in developed economies. The USV Annals of Economics and Public Administration, 22(1), 105–114.

Castro, W. B. L., Peleias, I. R., & Silva, G. P. (2015). Determinantes do fee de auditoria: Um estudo nas empresas listadas na BM&FBovespa, Brasil. Revista Contabilidade & Finanças, 26(69), 261–273. https://doi.org/10.1590/1808-057x201501560

Constantino, L. S. (2021). Evolução das provisões e contingências tributárias das empresas brasileiras de 2006 a 2019 [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Fucape Business School.

Damasceno, L. F. J., & Stanzani, A. L. (2024). Análise financeira da Petrobras S/A: Desempenho financeiro ao longo dos anos 2021 a 2023. Revista Ibero-Americana de Humanidades, Ciências e Educação, 10(6), 3123–3140.

Damodaran, A. (2004). Investment fables: Exposing the myths of “can’t miss” investment strategies. FT Prentice Hall.

DeAngelo, L. E. (1981). Auditor independence, “low balling,” and disclosure regulation. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 3(2), 113–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-4101(81)90009-4

de Oliveira, J. C. R., Fonseca, S. E., da Silva, S. E., Fernandes, A. R. J., & Xavier, D. O. (2022). A influência da opinião dos auditores independentes no preço das ações: Uma análise das empresas listadas no IGCT. Revista FSA, 19(2), 75–100. https://doi.org/10.12819/2022.19.2.4

Deyganto, K. O. (2021). Determinants of external auditors’ independence: A case study on Ethiopian authorized audit firms. International Journal of Financial Management, 10(1), 39–54.

Fernandez, S., Chan, K. R., Salim, K., & Simanjuntak, O. P. (2024). The influence of audit tenure, audit fee, auditor reputation, and client company size on audit quality. International Journal of Economics, Social and Technology, 3(1), 1–9.

Ferri, M. G., & Jones, W. H. (1979). Determinants of financial structure: A new methodological approach. The Journal of Finance, 34(3), 631–644. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.1979.tb02130.x

Frank, M. Z., & Goyal, V. K. (2009). Capital structure decisions: Which factors are reliably important? Financial Management, 38(1), 1–37. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-053X.2009.01026.x

Hallak, R. T. P., & Silva, A. L. C. (2012). Determinantes das despesas com serviços de auditoria e consultoria prestados pelo auditor independente no Brasil. Revista Contabilidade & Finanças, 23(60), 223–231. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1519-70772012000300007

Insper. (2021). Diagnóstico do contencioso tributário: Impactos macroeconômicos e propostas de reforma. Núcleo de Tributação do Insper. https://repositorio.insper.edu.br/handle/11224/9358

Kajola, S. O., Olabisi, J., Tonade, A. A., & Agbatogun, T. O. (2022). Determinants of audit fees in Nigerian banks. Accounting and Taxation Review, 6(1), 29–45.

Larbi, S. B., Mandzila, E. E. W., Meniaoui, J., & Moor, E. T. (2024). The influence of auditor and auditee on mandatory audit fees in France. GECONTEC: Revista Internacional de Gestión del Conocimiento y la Tecnología, 12(1), 77–102.

Lawal, S., & Ibrahim, M. (2022). Determinants of audit fees of listed insurance companies in Nigeria. Gusau Journal of Accounting and Finance, 3(1), 22.

Lopo Martinez, A., Coutinho, J., Formigoni, H., & Santos, L. P. (2024). Litígio tributário e dívida corporativa: Uma perspectiva brasileira. Advances in Scientific and Applied Accounting, 17(1), 275–291. https://doi.org/10.14392/asaa.2024170111

Machado, C. H. (2021). Admissibilidade de um modelo multiportas na lei tributária brasileira. Revista de Direito Tributário e Finanças Públicas. https://doi.org/10.22456/2317-8558.104436

Malek, M., & Saidin, S. F. (2013). Audit services fee, non-audit services and the reliability of earnings. International Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance, 4(5), 259–264. https://doi.org/10.7763/IJTEF.2013.V4.298

Martinez, A. L., Moraes, A. J., & Sarlo Neto, A. (2025). Tax litigation and capital costs: Evidence from Brazil. Revista de Contabilidade e Organizações, 19, e234235. https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.1982-6486.rco.2025.234235

Mitra, S., & Hossain, M. (2007). Ownership composition and non-audit service fees. Journal of Business Research, 60(4), 348–356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2006.10.020

Moraes, A. J., & Martinez, A. L. (2014, July). Associação entre a remuneração dos auditores independentes e o Q de Tobin [Conference paper]. XIV Congresso USP de Controladoria e Contabilidade, São Paulo, Brazil.

Moraes, A. J., & Martinez, A. L. (2024). Análise dos fatores que influenciam a remuneração dos auditores no setor de infraestrutura básica na B3. Boletim de Conjuntura (BOCA), 19(53), 300–320. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12760056

Moreira, N. C., Ramos, F., Kozak-Rogo, J., & Rogo, R. (2016). Conference calls: An empirical analysis of the informational content and the type of news released. Brazilian Business Review, 13(6), 304–329. https://doi.org/10.15728/bbr.2016.13.6.6

Moutinho, V., Cerqueira, A., & Brandão, E. (2012). Audit fees and firm performance [SSRN working paper]. SSRN. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2180020

Myers, S. C. (1984). The capital structure puzzle. The Journal of Finance, 39(3), 574–592. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.1984.tb03646.x

Nguyen, L. A., Kend, M., & Luong, H. (2023). Audit quality and independence concerns after major audit reforms in a developing country: Stakeholder perceptions from Vietnam. Managerial Auditing Journal, 38(3), 314–335. https://doi.org/10.1108/MAJ-05-2021-3157

Palmrose, Z.-V. (1986). Audit fees and auditor size: Further evidence. Journal of Accounting Research, 24(1), 97–110. https://doi.org/10.2307/2490806

Pereira, R. M. L. (2023). Tecnologias emergentes na detecção de anomalias e fraudes [Doctoral dissertation, Universidade de São Paulo]. Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da USP.

Pinheiro, C. S. (2024). Alavancagem e velocidade de ajuste da estrutura de capital: Análise das empresas dos países BRICS e seus impactos regionais [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Universidade Federal de Uberlândia.

Putri, M. C. A., & Bergmans, B. (2021). The independence of external auditor in Indonesian financial sector through performance management system. Diponegoro Journal of Accounting, 10(4), 1–11.

Rajan, R. G., & Zingales, L. (1995). What do we know about capital structure? Some evidence from international data. The Journal of Finance, 50(5), 1421–1460. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.1995.tb05184.x

Rauf, F., Wanqiu, W., Naveed, K., Qadri, S. U., & Ali, M. S. E. (2024). How ESG reporting is affected by sustainable finance and green innovation: Moderating role of sales growth. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 31(5), 7246–7263. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-31593-3

Sağlar, J., & Gizer, Z. (2023). The effect of audit opinions on Tobin’s Q and stock value: A panel data analysis. İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 15(2), 865–877. https://doi.org/10.20491/isarder.2023.1630

Saleh, M. A., & Ragab, Y. M. (2023). Determining audit fees: Evidence from the Egyptian stock market. International Journal of Accounting & Information Management, 31(2), 355–375. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJAIM-09-2022-0198

Scott, T., & Chen, X. (2024). The cost of auditing service performance information [Working paper].

Shakhatreh, M. Z., & Alsmadi, S. A. (2021). Determinants of audit fees and the role of the board of directors and ownership structure: Evidence from Jordan. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 8(5), 627–637. https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2021.vol8.no5.0627

Silva, M. N. (2022). Uma mudança de paradigma na auditoria independente? A tecnologia blockchain, a competência e a independência do auditor externo [Doctoral dissertation, Universidade de São Paulo]. Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da USP.

Simunic, D. A. (1980). The pricing of audit services: Theory and evidence. Journal of Accounting Research, 18(1), 161–190. https://doi.org/10.2307/2490397

Souza, J. A. S., & Borba, J. A. (2022). Legibilidade como medida de complexidade textual: Determinantes e evidências em empresas brasileiras. Revista Contabilidade & Finanças, 33(88), 112–129. https://doi.org/10.1590/1808-057x202114180

Souza, R. A. (2023). Atributos qualitativos da comunicação dos auditores independentes com os responsáveis pela governança [Doctoral dissertation, Universidade de São Paulo]. Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da USP.

Soyemi, K. A., Afolabi, O. V., & Obigbemi, I. F. (2021). External audit quality and clients’ corporate governance mechanisms in Nigeria: Any nexus? Journal of Research in Emerging Markets, 3(2), 44–59. https://doi.org/10.30585/jrems.v3i2.632

Stüpp, D. R., & Flach, L. (2023, November). Desempenho financeiro de cooperativas de crédito brasileiras [Conference paper]. XXX Congresso Brasileiro de Custos, São Leopoldo, Brazil.

Tania, D., Tarmizi, M. I., & Adrian, M. (2023). Determinants of audit quality in companies that conduct initial public offerings. Journal of Accounting Science, 7(1), 66–82. https://doi.org/10.21070/jas.v7i1.1668

Thies, C. F., & Klock, M. S. (1992). Determinants of capital structure. Review of Financial Economics, 1(2), 40–52. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1873-5924.1992.tb00548.x

Titman, S., & Wessels, R. (1988). The determinants of capital structure choice. The Journal of Finance, 43(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.1988.tb02585.x

Vasconcelos, V. D., Alves, F. I. A. B., & Oliveira, F. A. O. (2018). Os determinantes dos honorários de auditoria independente no setor de materiais básicos brasileiro. Observatorio de la Economía Latinoamericana.

Whisenant, S., Sankaraguruswamy, S., & Raghunandan, K. (2003). Evidence on the joint determination of audit and non-audit fees. Journal of Accounting Research, 41(4), 721–744. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-679X.00121

Wooldridge, J. M. (2010). Econometric analysis of cross section and panel data (2nd ed.). MIT Press.

World Bank. (2020). Doing business 2020: Comparing business regulation in 190 economies. World Bank. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1440-2

Xue, B., & O’Sullivan, N. (2023). The determinants of audit fees in the Alternative Investment Market (AIM) in the UK: Evidence on the impact of risk, corporate governance and auditor size. Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation, 50, 100523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intaccaudtax.2022.100523

Publicado

2026-08-24

Cómo citar

Lopo Martinez, A., de Jesus Moraes, A., Ferreira dos Santos, F., & Sarlo Neto, A. (2026). Tax Litigation and Characteristics of Audit Opinions: Implications for Transparency and Trust in B3. Revista Gestão Organizacional, 19(2), 68–98. https://doi.org/10.22277/rgo.v19i2.8730